Agentic AI’s OODA Loop Problem

B. Raghavan and B. Schneier

IEEE Security & Privacy, September/October 2025.

The OODA loop—for observe, orient, decide, act—is a framework to understand decision-making in
adversarial situations. We apply the same framework to artificial intelligence agents, who have to make
their decisions with untrustworthy observations and orientation. To solve this problem, we need new
systems of input, processing, and output integrity.